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| Classwise Additional Science Questions with Solutions (Class 11th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 11th Physics Additional Questions
1. Physical World
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the **physical world** and the scope of physics. It explores the fundamental concepts of physics, its relationship with technology and society, and the key sub-disciplines within physics. The chapter discusses the fundamental forces in nature – gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces – and introduces the concept of unification and reduction in physics, illustrating how seemingly disparate phenomena are explained by underlying principles, reflecting the inherent order in the universe.
2. Units And Measurements
Accurate **measurement** is crucial in physics. This chapter introduces **physical quantities**, fundamental and derived units, and the globally accepted **International System of Units (SI Units)**. It covers the measurement of length, mass, and time, including large and small distances and masses. **Dimensional analysis** is introduced as a powerful tool for checking the consistency of equations and deriving relationships. Errors in measurement (systematic and random) and the concept of **significant figures** are discussed, emphasizing the precision and reliability essential for scientific experimentation and data analysis.
3. Motion In A Straight Line
This chapter describes the simplest form of motion: **motion in a straight line** (rectilinear motion). Key kinematic concepts are introduced: position, path length (distance), displacement (vector), speed, velocity (vector), and acceleration (vector). Different types of motion, including uniform and non-uniform motion, are discussed. The chapter extensively uses **graphs** (position-time, velocity-time, acceleration-time) to represent motion and interpret kinematic variables. The fundamental **equations of motion** for uniformly accelerated motion ($\textsf{v = u + at}$, $\textsf{s = ut} + \frac{1}{2}\textsf{at}^2$, $\textsf{v}^2 - \textsf{u}^2 = 2\textsf{as}$) are derived and applied to solve problems, providing a quantitative description of linear motion.
4. Motion In A Plane
Extending the study of motion to two dimensions, this chapter deals with **motion in a plane**. It introduces **vectors** as quantities having both magnitude and direction, essential for describing motion in multiple dimensions. Vector algebra, including addition, subtraction, and resolution of vectors, is explained. Key topics include **projectile motion**, where an object moves under gravity along a parabolic path (analyzed using vector components), and **uniform circular motion**, involving constant speed but continuously changing velocity direction due to **centripetal acceleration** ($\textsf{a}_\text{c} = \frac{\textsf{v}^2}{\textsf{r}}$). Understanding vectors is essential for analyzing motion in complex scenarios.
5. Laws Of Motion
This chapter presents the fundamental relationship between **force** and **motion** through **Newton's Laws of Motion**. Newton's First Law describes **inertia** – the inherent property of an object to resist changes in its state of rest or uniform motion. The Second Law quantifies force, stating that net force equals the rate of change of momentum ($\vec{\textsf{F}} = \frac{\textsf{d}\vec{\textsf{p}}}{\textsf{dt}} = \textsf{m}\vec{\textsf{a}}$ for constant mass). The Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Concepts like **momentum** ($\vec{\textsf{p}} = \textsf{m}\vec{\textsf{v}}$), impulse, and the principle of **conservation of linear momentum** are derived and applied to understand various interactions, including collisions.
6. Work, Energy And Power
This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of **work**, **energy**, and **power**, central to mechanics and thermodynamics. **Work** is done by a force when it causes displacement ($\textsf{W} = \vec{\textsf{F}} \cdot \vec{\textsf{s}}$). **Energy** is defined as the capacity to do work, discussed in various forms, focusing on mechanical energy (kinetic and potential). **Kinetic energy** ($\textsf{KE} = \frac{1}{2}\textsf{mv}^2$) is energy of motion. Potential energy is stored energy (e.g., gravitational $\textsf{PE} = \textsf{mgh}$, elastic). The **Work-Energy Theorem** and the **Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy** for conservative forces are pivotal. **Power** is defined as the rate of doing work ($\textsf{P} = \frac{\textsf{W}}{\textsf{t}}$).
7. System Of Particles And Rotational Motion
This chapter extends the analysis of motion from single particles to **systems of particles** and **rigid bodies**, introducing **rotational motion**. Concepts like the **center of mass** (the point representing the average position of all parts of the system, where external forces act) are introduced. **Torque** ($\vec{\tau} = \vec{\textsf{r}} \times \vec{\textsf{F}}$) is defined as the rotational equivalent of force, causing angular acceleration. **Angular momentum** ($\vec{\textsf{L}} = \textsf{I}\vec{\omega}$) is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum. **Moment of inertia** ($\textsf{I}$) quantifies resistance to rotational acceleration. The relationship between linear and angular variables and the **conservation of angular momentum** are key principles.
8. Gravitation
This chapter explores the fundamental attractive force between any two objects with mass: **gravitation**. **Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation** ($\textsf{F} = \textsf{G}\frac{\textsf{m}_1\textsf{m}_2}{\textsf{r}^2}$) is the cornerstone. Concepts like free fall and **acceleration due to gravity** ($\textsf{g}$), its variation with altitude and depth, and gravitational potential energy are discussed. **Escape speed** (minimum speed to escape a gravitational field) and **orbital velocity** of satellites are derived. **Kepler's laws** describing planetary motion are presented, explained through universal gravitation. This chapter provides a foundation for understanding planetary orbits, satellite motion, and the structure of the universe.
9. Mechanical Properties Of Solids
This chapter investigates the behaviour of **solid materials** when subjected to deforming forces, focusing on their **elastic properties**. Concepts like **stress** (force per unit area) and **strain** (relative deformation) are introduced. **Hooke's Law**, which states that stress is directly proportional to strain within the elastic limit ($\textsf{Stress} = \textsf{E} \times \textsf{Strain}$), is central. Different moduli of elasticity – **Young's modulus** (for stretching/compression), **Shear modulus** (for twisting/shearing), and **Bulk modulus** (for volume change under pressure) – are defined. The **stress-strain curve** is discussed, illustrating elastic and plastic behaviour, providing insights into material strength and stiffness, relevant in engineering and structural design.
10. Mechanical Properties Of Fluids
This chapter explores the behaviour of **fluids** (liquids and gases) both at rest (**fluid statics**) and in motion (**fluid dynamics**). Fluid statics covers concepts like **pressure** (force per unit area), **Pascal's Law** (pressure transmission), and **Archimedes' principle** (**buoyancy**). Fluid dynamics introduces **viscosity** (resistance to fluid flow) and **surface tension** (tendency of liquids to minimize surface area). Different types of fluid flow (streamline and turbulent) are discussed. **Bernoulli's principle** ($\textsf{P} + \frac{1}{2}\rho\textsf{v}^2 + \rho\textsf{gh} = \textsf{constant}$), based on energy conservation for ideal fluids in streamline flow, is a key concept with numerous applications, e.g., in aeroplanes and fluid pipelines.
11. Thermal Properties Of Matter
This chapter focuses on how **heat** and **temperature** affect materials. It discusses the relationship between heat and thermal energy transfer. **Temperature scales** (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin) and their conversions are explained. **Thermal expansion** – the tendency of matter to change volume in response to temperature changes – in solids, liquids, and gases is covered. Concepts like **specific heat capacity** and **latent heat** are introduced, quantifying the energy involved in temperature changes and **phase transitions** (melting, boiling). The three primary modes of **heat transfer** – conduction, convection, and radiation – are detailed, explaining how heat energy moves from one place to another.
12. Thermodynamics
**Thermodynamics** is the branch of physics dealing with heat and its relation to other forms of energy and work. This chapter introduces fundamental concepts like thermodynamic systems, surroundings, state variables, and **internal energy**. The **First Law of Thermodynamics** ($\Delta \textsf{U} = \textsf{Q} + \textsf{W}$), essentially the conservation of energy for thermodynamic systems, and various **thermodynamic processes** (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric) are discussed. The **Second Law of Thermodynamics** introduces the concept of **entropy** ($\Delta \textsf{S}$) and dictates the spontaneity and direction of natural processes, explaining the limitations on converting heat into work, as seen in **heat engines** and refrigerators.
13. Kinetic Theory
This chapter explains the macroscopic properties of gases from a microscopic viewpoint using the **Kinetic Theory of Gases**. It models gases as composed of a large number of particles (molecules) in constant, random motion. The postulates of the theory are discussed. It explains how concepts like **pressure** arise from molecular collisions with container walls and how **temperature** is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules. The **Ideal Gas Equation** ($\textsf{PV = nRT}$) is derived from kinetic theory. Concepts like degrees of freedom and the **Law of Equipartition of Energy** are introduced, providing insights into the internal energy and specific heat capacities of gases.
14. Oscillations
This chapter explores **oscillations**, periodic motions that repeat over time, like the swing of a pendulum or a mass vibrating on a spring. It focuses specifically on **Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)**, the simplest and most fundamental type of oscillation, characterized by a restoring force proportional to displacement and directed towards equilibrium. Concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, amplitude, time period (T), frequency ($\nu$), angular frequency ($\omega = \sqrt{\textsf{k/m}}$), and phase are discussed. The energy in SHM (sum of kinetic and potential energy) is shown to be conserved. Examples like the **simple pendulum** and a mass attached to a spring are analyzed.
15. Waves
This chapter introduces **wave motion** as the phenomenon where a disturbance propagates through a medium or vacuum, transferring energy and momentum without bulk transport of matter. It distinguishes between **transverse waves** (vibrations perpendicular to propagation, e.g., light, waves on a string) and **longitudinal waves** (vibrations parallel to propagation, e.g., sound). Key wave properties – amplitude, wavelength ($\lambda$), frequency ($\nu$), time period (T), and **wave speed** ($\textsf{v} = \nu\lambda$) – are defined. The **principle of superposition** is introduced, explaining phenomena like **interference** (combination of waves) and the formation of **standing waves**. Reflection of waves is also covered.